Cotton growers have almost halved the water needed to grow one bale of cotton in Australia in the last 25 years, as per a new study. The water usage has fallen from 1.43 megalitres per bale (ML/bale) in 1995 to 0.74 ML/bale in 2020, driven by improvements in irrigation infrastructure and management efficiencies, underpinned by research and development.
The research has been conducted by the NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) and supported by the Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC). The current benchmarking research project has been led by NSW DPI since 2006 with in-depth water productivity benchmarking occurring in 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2018. The research combined the in-depth benchmarking with all other available water use data going back to 1992, revealing the impressive findings.
Cotton growers now have even greater results in sight, looking to reach a benchmark target of 0.71 megalitres per bale by 2024.
Cotton Australia CEO Adam Kay said the goal is part of the cotton industry’s current sustainability framework ‘PLANET. PEOPLE. PADDOCK.’
“We recognise sustainability is integral to the industry’s future and this framework identifies the key environmental, economic and social sustainability areas for further improvement, investment and commitment. Cotton is often misrepresented when it comes to water use. These findings, validated by an independent third-party research organisation, provide the most up-to-date assessment of the performance of cotton over the last 25 years,” Kay said in a statement.
CRDC, in partnership with the Commonwealth government and cotton growers, has funded research and development to improve and monitor water use efficiency for decades.
“CRDC’s role is to invest in world-leading research and development, delivering tangible outcomes for cotton growers and the wider community. These latest findings demonstrate Australian cotton growers are committed to being leaders in environmental sustainability, and continuously improving their water use efficiency,” said CRDC executive director Dr Ian Taylor.
When calculating water use and improvements over time, researchers considered all the water used on the farm to produce the crop. This included all water coming onto the farm from rivers and bores, all rain falling directly on the crop as well as harvested rainfall runoff, plus all soil moisture used by the crop. It also considered all water lost through evaporation and seepage during storage in dams and delivery to the field.
“Considering all the water used to grow a bale is the gold standard for determining water productivity in the cotton industry, you can’t just look at the water applied to the field. You also need to include the rainfall to put in context, especially when looking at changes over time. Including evaporation is also important as it shows the real cost (in terms of water) to grow the crop,” said NSW DPI agriculture research officer and project lead Dr David Perovic
“It has been very pleasing to see just how well the industry is performing. Even after the significant improvements in water use efficiency that were achieved between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s, growers keep getting better and better production out of finite water resources,” added Dr Perovic.
Levels of water withdrawals for irrigation in Australia are regulated by governments to deliver sustainable water use from healthy river systems. There are clear limits on the volume of water that can be used, and this changes each year based on seasonal conditions. Within this regulatory framework that limits water use, Australian farmers work to increase the efficiency of water allocated to them, and part of that is choosing which crop to grow each year with available water.